Covering the Police Beat in Journalism

Covering the Police Beat in Journalism The police beat can be one of the most testing and remunerating inâ journalism. Police correspondents get the opportunity to cover probably the greatest breaking reports out there, ones that land at the highest point of the first page, websiteâ or broadcast. Be that as it may, it isnt simple. Covering the wrongdoing beat is requesting and frequently distressing, and as a columnist, it requires some investment, tolerance and aptitude to get the cops to believe you enough to give you data. So here are a few stages you can follow for creating strong police stories. Know The Sunshine Laws Before you visit yourâ local police area looking for a decent story, acquaint yourself with the daylight laws in your state. This will give you a decent feeling of what sort of data the police are required to give. For the most part, whenever a grown-up is captured in the U.S., the administrative work related with that capture ought to involve open record, which means you ought to have the option to get to it. (Adolescent records are normally not accessible.) A special case may be a case including national security. Be that as it may, Sunshine Laws shift from state to state, which is the reason its great to know the points of interest for your territory. Visit Your Local Precinct House You may see police action out in the city in your town, however as an apprentice, its most likely not a smart thought to attempt to get data from cops at the area of a wrongdoing. Also, a call may not get you much either. Rather, visit your neighborhood police headquarters or area house. Youre liable to show signs of improvement results from an up close and personal experience. Be Polite, Respectful - But Persistent Theres a generalization of the hard-driving columnist youve most likely found in a film some place. He jumps into the town hall, DAs office or corporate meeting room and starts striking his clench hand against the table, yelling, I need this story and I need it now! Out of my way. That approach may work in certain circumstances (however most likely very few), yet it unquestionably wont get you far with the police. For a certain something, theyre by and large greater than we are. What's more, they convey firearms. Youre not prone to scare them. So when you first visit your neighborhood police region to get a story, be respectful and affable. Approach the cops with deference and chances are theyll give back in kind. And yet, dont be scared. In the event that you sense a cop is giving you a lot of meaningless evasion rather than genuine data, press your case. In the event that that doesnt work, request to address their boss, and check whether theyre increasingly accommodating. Request To See the Arrest Log On the off chance that you dont have a particular wrongdoing or episode as a main priority that you need to expound on, request to see the capture log. The capture log is exactly what it seems like - a log of the considerable number of captures police make, typically composed in 12-or 24-hour cycles. Sweep the log and discover something that looks fascinating. Get the Arrest Report Once youve chose something from the capture log, request to see the capture report. Once more, the name says everything - the capture report is the administrative work the cops round out when they make a capture. Getting a duplicate of the capture report will spare both you and the police a great deal of time since a significant part of the data you requirement for your story will be on that report. Get Quotes Capture reports are extremely useful, however live statements can represent the moment of truth a decent wrongdoing story. Meeting a cop or analyst about the wrongdoing youre covering. In the event that conceivable, meet the cops legitimately associated with the case, the individuals who were on the scene when the capture was made. Their statements are probably going to be substantially more intriguing than those from a work area sergeant. Twofold Check Your Facts Exactness is basic in wrongdoing revealing. Getting the realities wrong in a wrongdoing story can have critical outcomes. Twofold check the conditions of the capture; insights concerning the suspect; the idea of the charges he faces; the name and rank of the official you met, etc. Escape the Police Precinct So youve got the essentials of your story from capture reports and meeting with the cops. That is extraordinary, however at long last, wrongdoing announcing isnt pretty much law authorization, its about how your locale is being influenced by wrongdoing. So consistently be keeping watch for chances to refine your police stories by meeting the normal people who are influenced. Has a high rise been hit by a rush of thefts? Meeting a few inhabitants there. Has a neighborhood store been burglarized various occasions? Converse with the proprietor. Are nearby schoolkids being gone up against by street pharmacists on their approach to class? Converse with guardians, school heads and others. What's more, recollect, as the sergeant in TVs Hill Street Blues stated, be cautious out there. As a police correspondent, you must expound on wrongdoing, not get trapped in it.

Managing Across Cultures

Development and eventual fate of versatile advertising Essays Development and eventual fate of versatile advertising Essay Development and eventual fate of versatile advertising Essay Presentation These yearss promotion runs have gotten a hard endeavor for an advertizer on account of ever expanding customer s measures for making a decision about the arrival on contributing each piece great as to help through the focused on customer s standpoints. Innovation is the cant in the business as it attempts to make selling possibilities and difficulties. Portable selling is a signifier of notice that objectives clients of handheld, for example, roaming telephones and PDA s. Its slogan is whenever anyplace selling. The migrant commercial industry has grown up and has altered the way the purchaser gets notice. With over a large portion of the universe s populace having a roaming telephone, its conceivable is yet to be to the full abused. This examination will try to investigate the difficulties that the business face to go a standard broad communications through some auxiliary research, criticalness discharges and my industry contacts. It will other than do a push to put the great beyon d of itinerant ad especially in India taking into history the bing stages, a work in progress stages and arranged stages. Also, an of import thought will be the customer perceptual experience of this medium and understanding their viewpoints. Point The essential point of this theory is to dissect: The overview the advancement of roaming selling especially in India. Endeavor to put the great beyond of traveling notice. Endeavor to inquire about customers reactivity to versatile selling. To cognize the open assistance enterprise of roaming commercial, each piece far as holding an effect on buy assurance of a customer is concerned. Legitimization FOR THE STUDY Portable promotion is a significant vertical of my anxiety in India, giving to MNC s in India. I am other than be aftering a migrant selling stock in the nearby from now on. Moreover, migrant selling has still part of way to head out to go a prevailing press with a group of chance for developing. This will end up being an aspiring examination as it will try to put the advertizer, customer disposition towards itinerant notice while taking into history the innovative advancements of this industry which will be extremely productive for me when I will get down improvement of my product. Thus, would wish to arraign it as my nation of review. RESEARCH QUESTION With thought to my experience in this industry, this exploration proposes to show an infiltration into the turn of events and the conceivable from now on of the roaming ad showcase. Coming up next are my main research requests: How itinerant promotion advanced especially in India? Innovative improvements till day of the month? Key members inside the business? Future projects made to build up the substance and estimation capablenesss of itinerant promotion? Purchaser receptivity of this medium? Imperfections of the bing stages? How the purchasers from various areas respond to comparative promotion? A definitive reason will be to put a notice stage that depends on consent or actuation based hypothetical record which while set uping new customers can keep exchange name genuineness without settling on notice understanding of both the exchange name and the shopper. Writing REVIEW Grouped surveies have been finished by names Heinonen A ; Strandvik, Advertising Research Foundation, Harvey, who all have supported he portable promotion as a solid ad medium. Furthermore, a group of online beginnings each piece great as my industry contacts will be utile in ordering some utile research informations. Research Methodology Test will be founded on: Online Research contemplating four divisions of this industry: creators, promotion agencies, publicizing exchange names and shoppers. Purchaser data will be assembled from an extent of trustworthy beginnings, for example, building administration providers who have existent clasp informations to back up its prosperity. Genuine universe occurrence surveies Dependability of Datas The wide extent of stuff examined for this examination originates from an arrangement of beginnings, and in spite of the fact that while each endeavor will be made to cross check and formalize these discoveries, reality of a portion of the stuff can non be ensured. The main part of slants framed inside this exploration will all things considered, be taken directly from the earliest starting point, which will flexibly validity and dependableness to the data. In any case, a large number of the meetings with cardinal figures will be gathered from specializer sites that are in direct association with the business, and in spite of the fact that the trustworthiness of these locales might be addressed, the notoriety of such destinations gives adequate reinforcement to the data to be trusted. The finishing up choice will be drawn without anyone else, the essayist, and will be gotten from all the informations and data gathered.

Secrets to Creating a Compelling Book Title

Secrets to Creating a Compelling Book Title Lets face it, a book is judged by its cover and its title. Authors and publishers work hard to come up with their title to convey a specific feeling, and that feeling needs to fit within its genre. If it doesnt, then the book wont perform the way that it needs to on the market.Titles are an important part of the creative process and having a title that pops will help your book sell better and make it so that the publisher doesnt want to change it during the publishing process. Plus, having a title that is compelling completes the writing process and makes it feel more finalized. It will help build your confidence and ensure the ability to market your book better to agents and publishers.The title should convey the genreRachelle Gardner wrote a blog post about the topic of creating a compelling title. One of the first things she says is that shes seen many titles that dont fit within their genre. The title should convey the genre. Gardner said shes seen titles that were too serious fo r comedic books, contemporary titles that screamed historical romance, and so on. If someone reads the title, they should know what theyre in for, and it should give them the feeling of the genre. Theres nothing worse than a book that suffers from an identity crisis that starts with the title.Once the genre is firmly identified, which is probably something that should happen before even writing the novel, then think about the tone and feel the title should convey to the reader. Is the book serious? Is the book funny and witty? Is the book erotic? Who is the intended reader? These are all questions that can be used to hone the tone the title will convey to the reader.If youre not sure what the tone of your book is, then spend some time reading through it to see if you can pick up where on the spectrum it falls. A campy horror novel shouldnt have an overly serious tone to the title, and a serious contemporary novel about loss shouldnt have a snarky title that has the tone of a comedy. Readers make their choice about a book based on the tone the title sets and that can be something that makes or breaks their choice to look into your book. After the tone is determined, then its time to do some research.Determine the tone of your book before determining a title. Photo by Amy Shamblen on UnsplashConsider other authors habitsAuthors shouldnt be afraid to look at what other authors are doing. We mimic writing styles, ideas, marketing, and tropes. Titles are part of that process. Something to do is look up books in the same genre as your book. You can find any many as you want, but for the purpose of this exercise, it should be at least ten and no more than twenty. Think about how each title makes you feel. Write down your thoughts and feelings about each title. Next, write down how you think each title fits into the genre. Do they use similar words that are specific to the genre? Is there a trope they play off of that is genre specific? Is there anything else in their title that conveys a clear genre and tone?One of the final exercises is to make a list of similar words, tones, and feelings that all of the titles youve chosen use. As youre doing that, think about how your novel fits into the genre and what you can do to make a similar compelling title. Is there an expectation that the readers of the genre have for their genre? Is that related to the title? Once you feel that you have enough words (around 100) that convey the feelings and tone of your book, you can start drafting titles for your book.Begin with single-word titlesStart off with creating single-word titles. Remember, there are many books with single-word titles that do well. Some of the best are Carrie, Christine, Cujo, Jaws, and so on. Theyre simple and they convey what the book is going to be about, but they dont overplay their hands to the reader.We know that Jaws is going to be about a shark because of the cover art, but the title also elaborates on that concept. The others let the reader know that theyre about people, animals, or things with those names and the cover art supports the titles to deepen the readers understanding of the genre. Theyre horror, but they hold so much in that single word that it invites the reader to at least read the synopsis. Thats already a major part of the battle to get someone to pick up the book.Move on to combinations if neededIf single-word titles arent working for you, then start to combine the words from the list. Nothing is off limits at this point and break out a thesaurus if need be to find more words. Try for as many titles, combinations, and so on as you can. It can be adj-verb, noun-verb, or other combinations. The titles can be long, or they can be a few words, but they should evoke something and say something about your book.Some great two-word books are Animal Farm, The Alchemist, and The Help. Longer titles that do well are all of the Harry Potter novels, and most of the novels written by Robert Jordan, speci fically his Wheel of Time series. Though, they all have the same genre in common. Theyre all fantasy novels, and readers of that genre do expect a level of flair and length to the novels and their titles. The only bad idea is the one that isnt put into the list. Once you feel that youve made a hefty list of titles, try to pick out twenty possible titles, then put that list away for at least a day.Now, mull it overCreating this list and putting it away for at least a day allows you to mull things over in your mind as youre working on other books, your life, or just vegging out. The other thing that happens is that you come back to the list with an open mind and fresher set of eyes. This helps to add more combinations to the list and then will allow you to reduce the list to about five or fewer titles.Now comes the harder part, which is to ask others what they think about the titles youve come up with. The great thing about asking for an opinion is that its helpful to see what others think about the titles. The bad thing is that sometimes people are all over the place with which titles they like, and it can clutter things in your mind. Write down what people say or have them write down their impression of the titles youve created. By doing this, you can get a better sense of what your titles convey to your readers.With the list of other book titles, see if any of the titles youve created could fit on that list. Use that list along with the impressions that people had about your titles to start narrowing down the titles over a couple of days or more. This should not be a quick process, and sometimes it could result in going back through the process again to create more titles.Determining your books title is not a quick process. Photo by Filios Sazeides on UnsplashFinally, narrow it downOnce youve narrowed your choice down to a couple of titles, then you can start asking yourself some additional questions. Some of these could be, does the title convey the same ton e as the book? Does the title convey the correct genre? Does the title match the period of the book? Does the title pop? Would people be attracted to it if they saw the spine of the book? And one of the most important questions, would the reader have an idea of what the book is about just from the title of the book?The last thing that you should do with your title or titles is make sure that the title isnt too similar to the titles on your list or too generic. Having a title thats too similar to other titles could create confusion among readers. That is the last thing a new author needs, or even an established one. You dont want your title being confused with another and having people start reading your novel expecting something completely different. Or, that they dont pick your book up because they think that its something that its not.As far as a generic title, they dont sell well. They lack the wow factor that causes them to fly off the shelf or become the biggest download for eB ooks. People arent going to be drawn to something that sounds too generic because it wont spark their interest. Titles are the start of the reading process, and they need to motivate the reader to pick up the book.Once youve answered all of the questions and made sure that the title isnt too similar to other titles or too generic, then you have a title. Take time to celebrate your accomplishment because this isnt a simple process to go through. Working titles are great, but its better to start off the search for a publishing house or an agent with a well-thought-out title that speaks to the heart of the book. The closer a book is to completion, the more likely agents and publishers are to accept it.

How to Calculate Mass Percent Composition

This is a worked example problem showing how to calculate mass percent composition. Percent composition indicates the relative amounts of each element in a compound. For each element, the mass percent formula is: % mass (mass of element in 1 mole of the compound) / (molar mass of the compound) x 100% or mass percent (mass of solute / mass of solution) x 100% The units of mass are typically grams. Mass percent is also known as percent by weight or w/w%. The molar mass is the sum of the masses of all the atoms in one mole of the compound. The sum of all the mass percentages should add up to 100%. Watch for rounding errors in the last significant figure to make sure all the percentages add up. Key Takeaways Mass percent composition describes the relative quantities of elements in a chemical compound.Mass percent composition is also known percent by weight. It is abbreviated as w/w%.For a solution, mass percent equals the mass of an element in one mole of the compound divided by the molar mass of the compound, multiplied by 100%. Mass Percent Composition Problem Bicarbonate of soda (sodium hydrogen carbonate) is used in many commercial preparations. Its formula is NaHCO3. Find the mass percentages (mass %) of Na, H, C, and O in sodium hydrogen carbonate. Solution First, look up the atomic masses for the elements from the Periodic Table. The atomic masses are found to be: Na is 22.99H is 1.01C is 12.01O is 16.00 Next, determine how many grams of each element are present in one mole of NaHCO3: 22.99 g (1 mol) of Na1.01 g (1 mol) of H12.01 g (1 mol) of C48.00 g (3 mole x 16.00 gram per mole) of O The mass of one mole of NaHCO3 is: 22.99 g 1.01 g 12.01 g 48.00 g 84.01 g And the mass percentages of the elements are mass % Na 22.99 g / 84.01 g x 100 27.36 %mass % H 1.01 g / 84.01 g x 100 1.20 %mass % C 12.01 g / 84.01 g x 100 14.30 %mass % O 48.00 g / 84.01 g x 100 57.14 % Answer mass % Na 27.36 %mass % H 1.20 %mass % C 14.30 %mass % O 57.14 % When doing mass percent calculations, its always a good idea to check to make sure your mass percents add up to 100% (helps catch math errors): 27.36 14.30 1.20 57.14 100.00 Percent Composition of Water Another simple example is finding the mass percent composition of the elements in water, H2O. First, find the molar mass of water by adding up the atomic masses of the elements. Use values from the periodic table: H is 1.01 grams per moleO is 16.00 grams per mole Get the molar mass by adding up all the masses of elements in the compound. The subscript after the hydrogen (H) indicates there are two atoms of hydrogen. There is no subscript after oxygen (O), which means only one atom  is present. molar mass (2 x 1.01) 16.00molar mass 18.02 Now, divide the mass of each element by the total mass to get the mass percentages: mass % H (2 x 1.01) / 18.02 x 100%mass % H 11.19% mass % O 16.00 / 18.02mass % O 88.81% The mass percentages of hydrogen and oxygen add up to 100%. Mass Percent of Carbon Dioxide What are the mass percentages of carbon and oxygen in carbon dioxide, CO2? Mass Percent Solution Step 1: Find the mass of the individual atoms. Look up the atomic masses for carbon and oxygen from the Periodic Table. Its a good idea at this point to settle on the number of significant figures youll be using.  The atomic masses are found to be: C is 12.01 g/molO is 16.00 g/mol Step 2: Find the number of grams of each component make up one mole of  CO2. One mole of CO2 contains 1 mole of carbon atoms and 2 moles of oxygen atoms. 12.01 g (1 mol) of C32.00 g (2 mol x 16.00 gram per mole) of O The mass of one mole of CO2 is: 12.01 g 32.00 g 44.01 g Step 3: Find the mass percent of each atom. mass % (mass of component/mass of total) x 100 And the mass percentages of the elements are For carbon: mass % C (mass of 1 mol of carbon/mass of 1 mol of CO2)  x 100mass % C (12.01 g / 44.01 g) x 100mass % C   27.29 % For oxygen: mass % O (mass of 1 mol of oxygen/mass of 1 mol of CO2)  x 100mass % O (32.00 g / 44.01 g) x 100mass % O 72.71 % Answer mass % C 27.29 %mass % O 72.71 % Again, make sure your mass percents add up to 100%. This will help catch any math errors. 27.29 72.71 100.00 The answers add up to 100%, which was expected. Tips for Success Calculating Mass Percent You wont always be given the total mass of a mixture or solution. Often, youll need to add up the masses. This might not be obvious. You may be given mole fractions or moles and then need to convert to a mass unit.Watch your significant figures.Always make sure the sum of the mass percentages of all components adds up to 100%. If it doesnt, you need to go back and find your mistake.

The Safety Regulations Of The Automobile Industry

Now days the automobile industry has to bind to a large list of government regulations. While some may just be focusing on the driver comfort and avoiding unnecessary distraction, the government has safety regulations which have to be strictly imposed on every vehicle. Within these safety regulations, there is The Clean Air Act; an act to improve, strengthens, and accelerates programs for the prevention and abatement of air pollution. But we always had criminals breaking the rules of society. VW (Volkswagen) committed fraud by having their software engineers programing the on-board engine management module (ECM) in order to obtain higher profits. Of course they did not care about the consequences neither the harm they will be doing to†¦show more content†¦It is just not in the best interest of any professional/engineer, nobody want to go to jail. It is clear that there was some sort of pressure imposed by top executive of this company on these workers. The company saw an opportunity since there is only a few diesel cars on the road. By introducing diesel powered cars that offer better mpg than gasoline powered vehicles, they knew, they were going to dominate the diesel market. It was irresponsible to use the ECM, which was designed in part to monitor the emissions system efficiency, to overlook this intended fault and provide an abstract feedback at the smog testing facilities. Aristotle made clear that all humans seek to flourish. Well, Volkswagen, as a corporation, was trying to flourish once more but not by good means. Also Aristotle pronounced that â€Å"man is a rational creature who lives in poleis† and what make society are rules, rational rules. Is these are violated, there is going to be a possibility of encountering a highly corrupted society. Aristotle thinks we should be upset if people do well undeservedly. This engineers fooled government authorities and the public for more than five years. And this case is an indignant outcome of how low big corporation can behave. The Aristotelian ethics seeks Eudaimonia or what is call happiness. This is the goal of every human

Poly Sci Final Paper Free Essays

Final Paper Washington State University Political Science 418 Fall 2012 Section 1 Professor Robert Quinlan December 6, 2012 Introduction This paper is written almost exclusively with information taken directly from the book Families of the Forest  by Alan Johnson about the lifestyle of the Matsigenka Amazonian Natives. Information regarding the Matsigenka is almost solely derived from the work of Johnson unless noted otherwise. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the Matsigenka people, their needs as a community and finally pose a development project that meets the needs described. We will write a custom essay sample on Poly Sci Final Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Realistically this is only one possible solution posed by an inexperienced undergraduate student. The author is student who has never set foot in South America or even has had any experience with a development project. The ideas expressed in this work are purely an academic exercise. The author does not assume that the Matsigenka do not already know and or practice some of the ideas shared in this assignment. Overview of the Matsigenka The Matsigenka, a native people  of the  Amazon Basin, live in what Johnson describes as an â€Å"angular landscape, along river valleys surrounded by forested mountains†. The Matsigenka have a peripheral environment on the outside edge of conquest lands. They originally settled in to a as a bid to avoid conflicts with other groups. The land is not ideal but good enough to live on while not ever being sought as territory for annexation by other groups. They are very isolated and their living choice has the consequence scarcity. Many of the best crops, fish, and game are not as bountiful as they are in other areas. They have plenty of land for their type of farming and their small population means they do not compete between themselves for resources. Their settlements are small and spread far apart. (Johnson) To understand the Matsigenka they must be seen in their own unique context of their daily lives. As with any parent, the task of raising a child is to raise them to be able to live in the world on their own one day. For the Matsigenka this means raising children who will become accustomed to living in their own nuclear family and thrive while in relative isolation. (Johnson) The Matsigenka’s ability to be independent and desire to remain independent has been disheartening to missionaries and some schoolteachers. Attempts at organizing and building communities have largely been failures. The Matsigenka are happy to be free from directions and rules that stem from a missionary or any other persons attempt to convert or normalize them. (Johnson) From the very beginning their upbringing determines who they are as a people. From the start the emphasis on independence is apparent. No one is invited or comes to visit when a child is born. At birth a newborn is left alone on a mat while the mother is attended to. After a few minutes, the baby is then bathed with hot water causing discomfort making it cry. Johnson) The procedure is done to strengthen the child for the hard independent life to come. The Matsigenka parents test the child’s limits, expecting more and more self-reliance at an early age. In the home, mothers commonly tether toddlers to a stake keeping them from wandering into danger. The method is no more a cruel â€Å"leash† than a baby gate used in American homes could be considered a cruel cage. (Johnson) Tethering allows the child freedom and independence without the danger of physical harm. The Matsigenka’s diet is varied and extensive. Their types of food production are farming, fishing, hunting, and foraging with some small use of domesticated animals. They can eat anything from raw foods found anywhere in their environment or eat feasts involving days of preparation. The people eat insect larvae of many bugs all during the year as source of dietary fats and protein. Larger game birds, monkeys, peccary, and tapir are the favorites. Farming small gardens is the most important to them making up more than half of their food. Foraging and fishing can often time produce disappointing results. Snakes are taboo and never eaten. (Johnson) Their diet poses no issues for them. For crops the people grow manioc (cassava), maze (corn), bananas, plantains, rice and coffee. Coffee has been introduced recently by outsiders as a cash crop. Along with trying to build communities the crop was meant to bring indigenous peoples into contact and trade with the modern parts of Peru. Coffee was seen as way to introduce money into the Matsigenka system. (Johnson) Their farming methods are sufficient to sustain them and the land they work on. The most important fish in the Matsigenka diet is shima. Johnson) These fish get up to 20 inches long and can weigh over 2 pounds. They are bottom feeders caught by net fishing. Mamori are similar in size to shima and caught with a regular hook and line setup. Rock dwelling fish like etari who are caught by hand. Along with other species such as shrimp and kempiti caught in traps fit into their diverse diet. Large fish species of omani, kayunaro and char ava are rarely caught. (Johnson) Domesticated animals are not overly significant to a family. Families typically raise a couple of chickens and ducks. They are allowed to forage around the house during the day, feeding on insects considered pests like ants and sometimes are given maize. At night they are kept in chicken coops tended to by the children. (Johnson) As a people, the Matsigenka are very adaptive and catch all kinds of fish in many different ways. The Matsigenka do not participate in the market economy. Attempts to get them to raise cash crops and begin to participate have been implemented by outsiders. (Johnson) They make nearly all of the material goods used in daily life. However they do not make knives, aluminum pots or other metal items. As men and women they learn complementary manufacturing skills allowing them self-sufficiency. Matsigenka can survive in long-term isolation as a nuclear family with the skills in fishing, farming and hunting in the manner they prefer. (Johnson) The Matsigenka are adaptive, and independent. Needs and resource assessment based on the ethnographic description The Matsigenka have good nutrition and housing but they still have barriers to good overall health. The problems they have are not their fault. As a people they do everything they can like maintain standards of cleanliness, and treat illness with medicines they have available. The problems arise from limited resources and knowledge. (Johnson) For hygiene the Matsigenka clean themselves, their homes, and their clothing daily. Even when they sit on the earthen floor of their home they use a woven mat. (Johnson) They wash their hand before preparing food and are careful with waste. Baths are taken daily and garbage is thrown out in a separate area away from the home. The Matsigenka find human waste disgusting along with animal waste and believe according to Johnson that â€Å"The evil odor of feces is believed to invade the body and cause illness†(436) Families try to locate homes next to mountain streams to ensure a water supply uncontaminated by humans. (Johnson) Mountain streams, dry up seasonally forcing people back to the river for water where they are re-infected by water borne parasites. (Rainforest) Research has shown that the debilitating infections are colds, conjunctivitis, and parasites. Colds and conjunctivitis hit the community in waves. Epidemics move rapidly through the population. Tribal memories still exist of when the white man’s influenza that killed many. The people stay away from everyone and the schools when sickness hits. One of the most common greetings used by members is to ascertain if someone returning is sick and to be avoided. (Johnson) Johnson notes that researchers others who stayed with the Matsigenks stated: Most health complaints came to our attention because the medicines we had with us were believed to be more effective than Matsigenka remedies. Our house became a center where people would stop to tell us their symptoms and ask for treatment. They were pragmatic about accepting this help, seeing illness and injury as more or less naturally occurring. 436) When a family member becomes ill they are left to lie on a mat in their home while the rest of the family ignores the sick person. The Matsigenka believe sickness is life-threatening and feel a sick person is dangerous and best left alone. (Johnson) Johnson describes the Matsigenka as a mixed picture of health: They have an ample diet and are energetic and supple, capable of great feats of athleticism and endurance. They are attractive, maintain personal standards of cleanliness, and attend to their health needs with an array of remedies. On the other hand, they live with parasite loads that weaken them and probably contribute to many infant deaths, they are subject to viral and bacterial infections that periodically sweep their hamlets and incapacitate them putting food production at risk†¦ Despite the beauty of nature surrounding them and their freedom to set their own work agenda, theirs is a hard life evident in the virtual absence of elderly people. (439) A needs and resource assessment based on the ethnographic description provided by Johnson would indicate a few key items. Health education, medical aid, improvements in sanitation, and clean drinking water are the most pressing needs. These could be possibly met using a culturally sensitive and responsible means of service delivery. Development project that meets one or more of the needs described Any project design must take into consideration the unique culture of the people it seeks to help Johnson notes in a prominent way that there is family level of sociocultural integration not a community one and the Matsigenka cannot be understood or appreciated except as a family level society. Meaning, as a group they are not â€Å"tropical-forest villagers† or â€Å"tribal peoples† like most amateur sociologists may picture. Unlike other groups they do not participate in suprafamily, raiding and warfare, structured gift exchange, or even large group feasting. (Johnson) Concepts like a family reunion or organizing a militia to defend their land are completely foreign to their way of life. Johnson notes it is extremely difficult to get them to participate in any group activity. They will listen to and directions but will walk away and refuse to join the proposed group activity. Matsigenka are not amenable to being directed or led. Education or works projects from other regions cannot be rolled out in a cookie cutter fashion to help them. Understanding their independence and determination does not mean that the Matsigenka are closed to change. In the 1980 and 1970’s sierra farmers came to the mountain valleys to live next to Matsigenka families. The new farmers have brought infrastructural development that was welcomed by the Matsigenka people. They created school communities where boys, and girls, play soccer, study and do homework. Radios that can be found now are a sign of the integration of culture from the larger world around them. (Johnson) Most effective long term projects rely on ownership and the pride of the people they seek to help. Pride in ownership translates into maintenance and care of the public works project after the NGO who sets it up leaves. Johnson explains the idea of shintaro â€Å"owner† if we think of it not as legal title to objects like land or trees, but as a form of respect for the individual. Any project must transfer respect as ownership to achieve long term sustainability. Recently in the last 15 years money has been dumped into projects that have failed and been abandoned. (Fraser) It is not enough to just build something and leave. The best way to help might be to model what the rainforest flow project has done and pay special attention to some cultural factors. Any project should consider how ownership is considered, how the people operate as a family level society, the aversion to group activities, and being told what to do. The project should capitalize on their strong sense of hygiene and build on their dislike of human waste. The Matsigenka already intrinsically know about the importance of clean water and washing hands. The leap from understanding clean water and increasing the effectiveness of existing sanitation procedures should be an accomplishable task if executed sensitivly. Hygiene education and health services As a people they are very pragmatic, adaptable and have demonstrated a belief in better westernized medicine when dealing with researchers in the past. (Johnson) Setting up clinics may not be the answer since they will avoid any area where they may go and become sick. The clinic will need to come to the sick, not the other way around. Travelling to and helping sick family members on sleeping on mats in the home will strengthen any belief in stronger westernized medicine. The process will loosen the hold of traditional beliefs in bad spirits having an influence on outcomes. Health education can effectively be delivered using the existing school system and reinforced when educators visit with health professionals providing mobile medical clinic visits. (Rainforest) Previously efforts were made to do similar projects but the participants only spoke Spanish not the native language. To eliminate the language barrier it will be key that the health professionals and educators are fluent in the native language. Workers will need to understand cultural norms of the Matsigenka. (Rainforest) Special consideration should be given to immunization programs. Immunizations can make the people feel sick afterward and may scare participants off. Postponing immunizations until a trust relationship has been built up may be necessary. Credibility may be required for families to believe they are not being made sick after a flu shot or pertussis vaccination. Sanitation The Matsigenka already believe in finding the freshest water. Health education should teach how to defecate away from any water source and bury it when in the forest. The disdain they have for waste and how they conduct life around their home makes them receptive. Composting latrines with hand washing facilities may be built near schools but attention should be given to ventilation and odor control (Rainforest) considering â€Å"The evil odor of feces is believed to invade the body and cause illness†. (Johnson 436) Drinking water projects Delivering clean safe drinking water is of paramount importance to the Matsigenka, or any community. Rainforest Flow has used with self-reported success, for several years, a specific setup that uses low tech sand filtration. The method removes 99. 9 percent of bacteria from drinking water and uses a low tech gravitational flow. The systems are setup to support modest community growth and are maintained by a usage fee charged to every home water is delivered to. (Rainforest) In conclusion there are many projects that can possibly help the Matsigenka. The purpose of this paper was to introduce the Matsigenka people, their needs as a community and pose a development project that meets their needs sensitively. Like any group, assistance must be provided to them on their terms for it to be accepted. References Fraser, B. (2012, May 25). Machiguenga communities could be affected by peru gas production. Retrieved from Johnson, A. (2003). Families of the forest the matsigenka indians of the peruvian amazon. University of California Press. Retrieved from http://www. sscnet. ucla. edu/anthro/faculty/johnson/ethnography. html Rainforest flow. (2012, December 01). Retrieved from http://houseofthechildren. org/safe- drinking-water. html How to cite Poly Sci Final Paper, Papers

Financial Management for Merchandise and Equipment- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theFinancial Management for Merchandise and Equipment. Answer: Introduction Financial management in a nonprofit organization is significant to effectively run the business operation. It is identified that the main goal of profit organization is to earn a profit and increase the value of their shareholders. But, the main purpose of the non-profit organization is to facilitate the socially desirable requirement on an enduring basis. In current business practices, profit organization depends on exchange transaction between businesses and B2C. However, the non-profit organization depends on the money that is donated with a specific intention (Hudson, 2017).This essay discusses the financial management difference between nonprofit and profit organization. It also presents the role of Financial Management in not- for profit organizations. Role of Financial Management in Not- For Profit Organizations According to the Finkler et al. (2016), financial management is essential for both profit and non-profit organization. A non-profit organization must demonstrate the activities regarding donating resources. The workforces of the organization could be able to demonstrate their expenses activities by assessing the financial records. Furthermore, two essential areas of financial management play important role for not-for-profit organization named budgeting and cash management. Therefore, these companies focus on the utilization of reserved cash. It can be stated that estimation of cash flow is challenging for the organization because the organization heavily depends on the resource providers. In support to this, Renz (2016) evaluated that management and protection of financial resources are essential for the not-for-profit organization because, without adequate resources, the company may not attain its mission and survive in the industry. Financial resources comprise goods and services, and money. Money includes the checking, securities, investment, cash and savings that organization has required to run its business operation. Goods contain the supplies, merchandise, and equipment. Services are the program and activities which are delivered to the customers. These resources could be managed by financial management because it will decline the risks related to business. Furthermore, it will enhance the value and gain the financial resources. Bryce (2017) discussed that financial management plays important to manage the asset in the nonprofit organization. Therefore, it is essential for an organization that it should have adequate assets to fund their existing operations. They have to be competent to make stability between available and growing resources. Moreover, not for profit organization should be able to pay debts in a well-timed manner, and should accomplish other financial obligation. After creating the budget, a company can pay attention on financing the existing operation and gain resources to increase their return on capital and assets. Assets management is also required to maximize the resources. It also manages the cash inflows and outflows which help the not for profit organization to provide more benefits to communities. Consequently, it will gain significance of budgeting because the nonprofit organization would be able to attain the financial obligation. McKinney (2015) argued that nonprofit organization is distinguished from profit organization in a different manner. In this way, it stated that the main aim of profit organization is to increase the profits and transfer this profit to the director of the company and shareholders while the key purpose of the nonprofit organization is to fulfill the needs of societies. Together with, the nonprofit organization has no director and employees act with the purpose of increasing the revenue and minimizing the costs because it will ensure that company is providing benefits to societies. In favor to this, Maier et al. (2016) stated that profit organization pays tax on their earnings however nonprofit organization does not pay taxes due to not getting profit. Government helps the non-profit organization to minimize their costs because the key intention of this organization is to act with respect to the welfare of the society. Moreover, there are two kinds of organization that affected each kind of accounting practices. In case, tax exempted nonprofit organization submits their financial statement to IRS then it will only assess the sales tax and real estate tax. Arvidson and Lyon (2014) argued that financial management plays important role in appropriate managing the funds. Hence, the non-profit organization has to pay attention to the mission of the company. Further, it should monitor the progress of the company and also focuses on how capitals are being used. There are different restriction and limits that must be followed by the company during managing the funds. Since, the inappropriate use of funds can cause an extraction of money, having to reimburse the money and not getting a future return. Another cause is a loss of exempted tax and other legal problems. In support to this, Chikoto and Neely (2014) opined that a budget is an operating plan for the company. Hence, the decision regarding accomplishing the mission of the company is made by staff and board members. They have to choose the agenda that will create positive effects and then assign the resources as per the plan. The budget facilitates the steps to staffs to achieve their objectives. The budget also enables the nonprofit organization to assess how funds will be assigned and how to make optimum utilization of resources. It also helps to address the potential financial issues of the business in future. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that financial management is beneficial for a non-profit organization to manage the finances on daily basis. Further, it enables the company to assess where donated resources are invested. It can be also summarized that there are two essential areas of financial management that are to be focused on the nonprofit organization named cash management and budgeting. Along with this, it can be evaluated that fund and asset management is significant for the nonprofit organization because it enables the company to distinguish the donated money by time and intention. Not for profit organization should do a self-assessment to evaluate the companys position because it will help to make continuous growth. References Arvidson, M., Lyon, F. (2014). Social impact measurement and nonprofit organizations: compliance, resistance, and promotion.VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations,25(4), 869-886. Bryce, H. J. (2017).Financial and strategic management for nonprofit organizations. UK: Walter de Gruyter GmbH Co KG. Chikoto, G. L., Neely, D. G. (2014). Building non-profit financial capacity: The impact of revenue concentration and overhead costs.Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly,43(3), 570-588. Finkler, S. A., Smith, D. L., Calabrese, T. D., Purtell, R. M. (2016).Financial management for public, health, and not-for-profit organizations. Australia: CQ Press. Hudson, M. (2017).Managing without profit. USA: Directory of social change. Maier, F., Meyer, M., Steinbereithner, M. (2016). Nonprofit organizations becoming business-like: A systematic review.Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly,45(1), 64-86. McKinney, J. B. (2015).Effective financial management in public and nonprofit agencies. UK: ABC-CLIO. Renz, D. O. (2016).The Jossey-Bass handbook of nonprofit leadership and management. USA: John Wiley Sons.

The Various Aspects of Marketing Management

Introduction This paper aims at shedding light on the various aspects of marketing management by focusing on the development and marketing of a new product. It will begin by describing the newly developed product. The product in this case is a new model of a personal digital assistant (PDA).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Various Aspects of Marketing Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The new product will then be evaluated in terms of its ability to compete effectively with other PDA models so that the expected sales revenue can be realized. The paper will end by explaining the marketing plan that will be used to launch and market the product in the targeted markets. The Product The new personal digital assistant model will be referred to as the marble 100 PDA. It is an improvement on the current PDA models. This means that the product will have more features and superior capabilities in order to me et the specific needs of the customers. Thus its outstanding capabilities will be used to differentiate it from its competitors. The products overall goal is to give its users more value for their money by offering additional features at low prices. The marble 100 PDA is a handheld multimedia gadget that is Wi-Fi enabled. It uses the Linux operating system. The Linux operating system has been chosen due to the fact that it is less vulnerable to security risks. Thus the users will be able to avoid losing their data due to attacks by viruses and hackers. It will have a standard storage capacity of 20 gigabytes. This will enable it to store more information than the current models. Besides, its memory can be supplement by external storage devices such as flash disks. The standard features of the product include a touch screen that will be used for data entry. It has a web browser that will enable the users to connect to the internet. It is also equipped with an event organizer, calcula tor and an address book that can store up to 1000 contacts. The additional features that differentiate the marble 100 model from other PDAs include the following. First, it has the fastest processor with a speed of 2.1 GHZ. This enables it to handle more applications such as digital music and video playback. Second, the high speed also facilitates dual-mode telecommunication and TV program storage. Third, the marble 100 is equipped with an advanced word processor, FM radio and GPRS capabilities. Finally, it is compatible with several peripheral devices and software. The functions of the device include the following. First, it can be used to record and transfer information. Second, it can be used to access or update medical records. Third, the device enables the users to interact with others through the social media. Finally, the device can be used for entertainment and navigation purposes.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get yo ur first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Due to its capabilities, the device can be used by professionals such as physicians to manage their records and schedules. It can also be used by students to access and share information. The entrepreneurs will also find it useful in organizing their work, communicating with clients or partners and accessing information. Evaluation Customer’s Need Technological advancement in the information and communication industry has led to the development of various communication and data storage devices. For example, cell phones have been developed to facilitate wireless communication. Digital music players such as iPods have also been introduced to enable their users to entertain themselves on the go. The need to access and share information as well as organizing tasks led to the introduction of laptop computers. Since each of these devices performs a specific task, an individual is compelled to curry several devices at the same time in order to perform all tasks. This has been very difficult due to two reasons which are as follows. First, it is expensive to buy and operate several gadgets that perform only one or two functions. Second, it is cumbersome to curry several devices at the same time due to the weight involved and lack of enough space. Consequently, consumers in the industry prefer to own a single device that can meet all their communication and entrainment needs. The marble 100 seeks to fulfill this need by giving the users the opportunity to perform all their communication tasks such as calling, accessing the internet and sharing information. Besides, it gives the users a wide range of entailment options. Due to the high costs of purchasing the other PDA models, many potential users have not been able to acquire them. Thus the marble 100 is lowly priced in order to make it affordable in the mainstream market. Differentiation and Market Appeal The marble 100 PDA is superior to the existing models due to the fact that it has the fastest processor. This makes it more efficient and effective to use. Unlike the current models, the marble 100 has additional features such as a word processor and compatibility with a variety of software and peripheral devices. Consequently, it is likely to compete effectively with the other models in the market. Competition The PDA market is currently characterized by intense competition. Even though this is a threat to growth, it indicates that there is a demand for PDA products. In order to overcome the competition, the new model has been equipped with additional features. Besides, its recommended retail price of $ 250 per unit is the lowest in the market. This will make it more attractive to the customers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Various Aspects of Marketing Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Growth Possibilities The PDA market is likely to grow rapidly in the future due to the following reasons. First, the on-going research and development in the industry will lead to advancement in technology. Consequently, it will be possible to produce high quality PDAs at low costs in order to encourage purchases through low prices. Second, the modern economy requires effective and convenient communication devices. This will lead to a rise in the demand for marble 100 PDAs in future as the economy becomes more complex. How: Marketing Plan Marketing Objectives The main objective in the first year is to create a market for the product. Consequently, the product is expected to achieve a market share of 4 percent in the US market. This will be achieved by selling at least 250,000 units of the product at a wholesale price of $ 200. Thus the projected sales revenue in the first year is $ 50 million. In the second year, the main objective will be to break-even after selling at least 300,000 units of the product. Segmentation and Niche The marble 100 PDA is associated with the mainstream niche since it targets a large demographic audience. The primary consumer target includes the middle income earners and the upper incomer earners. This segment consists of professionals who require a single gadget to help them organize their schedules and to interact with others. The secondary consumer target includes students in various learning institutions who need multi-media devices for communication and entertainment purposes. This segment consists of persons in the age bracket of between 15 to 30 years. The primary business target includes medium sized and large sized organizations that intend to promote efficient communication and sharing of information among their employees. The organizations in this segment have an annual sales volume of at least $20 million and over 50 workers. The secondary business target includes small sized organizations and physicians who need to access medical information or records frequently. Positioning The positio ning strategy is based on product differentiation. Thus the marble 100 will be positioned as the best model with the highest level of versatility, added value and convenience. This makes it a suitable model for both office and personal use. The other features of the product that will be emphasized include multiple communication and entertainment capabilities. These features will be used to differentiate the product from its competitors in the market. Marketing Mix Product The product to be marketed is the marble 100 which is a new PDA model. The features of the product as discussed above will be used to differentiate it in the market. Each unit of the marble 100 will be entitled to a warranty that will last for one year. Besides, the customers will be entitled to free repairs and technical advice for six months.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Pricing The pricing strategy will focus on positioning the product as the cheapest in the market in order to facilitate market penetration. This is based on the fact that the main marketing objective is to achieve a market share of 4 percent in the first year. Consequently, the recommended retail price will be $ 250 while the wholesale price will be $ 250. These prices are the lowest in the industry at the moment and will encourage potential clients to purchase the marble 100 PDA. Where: Distribution Since the marble 100 PDA is a new product, selective distribution will be used to reach the customers. This means that the product will be distributed through distributors or retailers who are well established. As the product gains popularity in the market, new distribution channels will be added especially in the first year. The implementation of this strategy will continue until all the targeted markets are covered. The possibility of distributing the product through mobile phone outl ets will also be explored. The decision to use mobile phone outlets is based on the fact that PDAs are related to cell-phones thus the cell-phone customers are likely to buy the marble 100 PDA. Demonstration products and brochures will be given to the distributors to support their marketing activities in regard to the marble 100 PDA. Promotion Research will be done on the effectiveness of various types of media in reaching the customers. This will help in choosing the most appropriate media and time to reach the potential customers through adverts. The chosen media will then be used to popularize the brand through messages that highlight the features that differentiate it in the market. Public relation activities will also be used to promote the brand. This will involve creating brand awareness through press releases and articles about the product. Video contests among customers will also be organized in order to attract clients. Trade sales promotions will be used to motivate the d istributors or retailers. When: Product Launch The product will be launched on 3rd of May 2011. The following activities will take place in preparation for the product launch. First, industry shows and education programs will be used to educate the distributors on the features and advantages of the product. Second, samples of the product will be reviewed by celebrities, opinion leaders and selected consumers. Their feedback will be used to modify the product if necessary. Marketing Evaluation Research will be done on the performance of the product in the market. This will be done on the sixth month after launching the product. The research findings will help in understanding the product’s features that are highly valued by the customers. It will also help in assessing the effectiveness of the advertising and sales campaign activities. The degree to which the customers are satisfied with the product will help in assessing the markets’ response. Conclusion The marble 100 PDA model aims at giving customers more value for their money through additional features and low prices. The success of the product in the market is based on the fact that the demand for a single device with multiple communication and entertainment capabilities is on the rise. Besides, the product’s superior quality differentiates it from its competitors and positions it as the best. By focusing on market penetration through low prices, the product is expected to achieve a market share of at least 4% in the first year and break-even in the second year. Promotional activities such as advertising and contests will be used to create brand awareness. This essay on The Various Aspects of Marketing Management was written and submitted by user Rosa Barrera to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Should Using a Cell Phone be I essays

Should Using a Cell Phone be I essays Should Using a Cell Phone be Illegal While Driving? Cellular phones are one of the most widely and most popular forms of communication today. Though once considered rare luxuries, cellular telephones have become a commonplace possession over the last decade. Thanks in part to advances in wireless technology and immense public demand, cell phones have been made affordable to almost anyone wishing to pay for the phone and cellular service plans. Cell phones are so easily portable that it only makes sense that cell phones and automobiles will sometimes go together. With Americans using over 95 million cell phones, we notice the source of some of the accidents we see today. Does this mean we should ban the use of them all together or just change the way we go about using them? An article published in Mercury News in 2003, state officials reported that they were able to discover what distracted drivers in 9,000 crashes, almost 18 percent of the accidents that resulted from driver inattention in 2001. Cell phone use was cited in 891 crashes, or nearly one in 10 incidents (Richards Collision risk is four times greater if you use a phone while driving (Richards to numerous fatal automobile accidents (White, Eiser, Harris 323). While the cell phone industry has lobbied against such actions, 22 states and hundreds of cities and towns across the nation have considered legislation limiting the use of cell phones by motorists. There is a lo...

Population Specific Pain Assessment & Management Protocol Essay

Population Specific Pain Assessment & Management Protocol - Essay Example These include: poor sleep, loss of appetite, decreased functioning, elevated levels of depression and anxiety and decreased quality of life (Twycross, 1994). The powerlessness and hopelessness expressed by patients experiencing moderate to severe pain is all too often mirrored by nurses who lack the appropriate knowledge and assessment skills to manage pain effectively (Clements and Cummings, 1991). Common barriers to effective pain management reported in the literature include: knowledge deficits; fear of addiction to opioid medication; and, lack of consistency in the systematic assessment and documentation of pain and the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. (McCaffery and Ferrell, 1997) Assessment is widely regarded in the literature as the cornerstone to effective pain management. Nurses spend more time with patients than any other member of the health care team and are thus in an optimal position to perform pain assessment. Through the integration of fundamental physiological knowledge, information on the patient's history and the comprehensive assessment of their pain, the nurse plays a major role in optimizing patient management. In our society, information gathering is viewed almost uniformly as a good thing. (It is the "information age," after all.) Nowhere is this truer than in medicine. For doctors, more information is always better. In the past, most of our information came from the patient. Now it increasingly comes from machines. Doctors like tests because we see them as objective and more reliable than our own subjective judgments. We also see tests as something tangible we can offer the patient at the end of a clinic visit. Patients like tests for the same reasons. Ordering a test validates their concerns and promises concrete information-a definitive diagnosis. Sometimes patients even perceive their care as substandard if they are not given some sort of test. While doctors and patients recognize that treatments may have side effects or lead to complications, both tend to view testing as something that can only help. The prevailing attitude seems to be it can't hurt just to gather a little information. Cancer, however, is a diagnosis made by examining human tissue under the microscope. And the only way to look at tissue under the microscope is to do a biopsy: cut a small piece of tissue and remove it from the body. A biopsy is a small operation, and like any operation, it can be disruptive and painful and can lead to complications. So it's not the kind of test you want to perform on everyone. The job of the cancer-screening test is to determine which patients should be biopsied. In other words, a screening test is a preliminary test. It is not a test to determine who has cancer; instead, it is a test to determine who should be tested further. Can a negative screening test be wrong The answer is almost certainly yes, although it is very hard to prove. That is because we do not biopsy people with negative screening tests. The only way we ever come to suspect that a negative screening test might have been wrong is when a new cancer becomes clinically obvious soon after a person has a negative test. Testing In The Real World In the real world, cancer testing is more complex. Test results aren't just positive or negative; often

Kids and reading to them Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Kids and reading to them - Essay Example Reading with the kids makes them feel on top of their game. By this, one would mean the consummate ease with which they bring to themselves an understanding of how life’s nuances would be, and how they would be able to tackle the intricacies of the times that are coming up for them. Reading with the kids is the need of the hour because it tells them where they have to grow and develop, and how they shall see the changing realms of life whilst dealing with them on a consistent basis. What is even more interesting is the fact that the children will know that they are being given the attention that they direly require within their midst, as this is a fact that has to see the light of the day. This paper discusses how reading with the kids helps them to grow and develop, and be an important part within this society. The reading element instills in the kids a sense of belongingness that they are bound to learn, analyze and hence understand how life shapes up, and how life’s different turns are handled in the most apt manner. Reading with the kids allows them to feel special; that they are being given the time and energies which shall bear rich fruit as far as their growth and development measures are concerned. What is even more interesting is the fact that the kids need to get in line with the changing norms of the time and for that they have to know what is happening in the world around them (Friedland, 2004). They must be acquainted with the varying norms and routines so that they can achieve results which are complete from all angles. What is even more important is the fact that the kids must adapt to change; and this change shall happen on an incremental basis – for their respective growth and developmental levels nonetheless. It is a well-known fact that the world appreciates if the kids read, study and learn, not only on their own but also with the help and guidance of their elders. Reading makes the kids go wild in their imagination. The y explore the world around them and learn how to implement the same in a practical form (Stewart, 2011). This is a positive undertaking and should always be understood within the relevant angles. Reading with kids allows the parents to comprehend how their kids are shaping up within the study domains and what strengths and weaknesses are within their folds. They would be able to cover up the grey areas that remain within a child’s fore and work upon the strengths to polish them further. It would also tell the parents that their children have some specific preferences as far as career adoption within the future domains is concerned. Hence there is an all-out effort and endeavor on the part of the parents to apprise the kids where they are falling and what they needed to do in order to move ahead further with the passage of time. This is so required because it will tackle the negatives to arise within the kids and keep them at bay with the up and coming issues which might hurt their professional growth and development, and not to forget the personal one as well. How the kids perceive the entire reading process is something that shall be understood properly. This is because the kids want to get acquainted with the changing needs of the time, and this could only be possible if they are on the right track as far as their study realms are concerned. When parents give them the attention the kids learn quickly. It is because the kids know that their parents love them and care for them in the most loving way possible. When they read along with their parents, they come to know the different ways through which a particular language is comprehended, as well as the ways and means through which grammatical and spelling issues are tackled (Demoulin, 2003). The parents teach them how to pronounce words and make use of sentences as are required. They tell them the meanings and definitions of certain words, as well as detail them regarding the sentence structures all the same. Moving ahead with the discussion at hand, the kids need the time of

Setting Up a Joint Venture in China

Setting Up a Joint Venture in China FDI into China: Brief history Before 1980, under the presidency of Mao Tse Tong, China was a country completely closed to the world with a rigid and communist government. After that date, Deng Xiao Peng and the post-Mao government established a new foreign economic policy and announced that China would open to the outside world (Pearson, 1991). This new open-door policy only allowed contractual JVs (as lower risks) and China provided foreign investors with a specific partner. In the first years of the countrys opening, only  ¼ of contractual FDI where realized as investors were uncertain of this completely new environment. Moreover, many FDI were fraudulent (Fung, 2002). From 1992, FDI doubled and China started to welcome western multinational enterprises in specific sectors: automobile, petrochemical, telecommunicationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ but only in selected zones of the country (SEZs: Special Economic Zones). China has quickly become the fastest growing economy and possesses 25% of the worlds population. FDI to China represents more than $80 billion in 2007 which shows that a decline in the economy is almost impossible ($130 billion in 2009) in comparison, FDI to India represent $3 billion per year (Lau, 2007). China: the best place to invest? However, despite the many attractive sides of China as a FDI destination, many western companies have faced failure when doing business in China. Indeed, in the case of JVs, the government provides a Chinese partner to the foreign investors that can face many different roadblocks: unfamiliarity with the business environment, corruptionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Yallapragada, 2003). In front of the rapid and unique economic development of China, some investors have rushed into investing in this promising country that seemed to offer so many advantages, ignoring some essential facts, (that will be developed later in the study) critical for the success of an investment. Since 1990, broad researches have been conducted concerning FDI and more particularly JVs in China and there is a good understanding of FDI mode decisions, the behavior to adopt to lead to a JV, inter partner concernsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ More research needs to be done concerning the factors that lead to success or failure of JVs Dissertation background The main reason behind the topic selection is that it is an area of interest to the author who can research what makes companies chose China as an FDI destination but more specifically what should be looked at to avoid the multiple failures that foreign companies have faced by developing a JV with a Chinese partner. The author aims at giving a more definitive picture of the Chinese FDI environment and that behind the image of China as a very attractive place for FDI, there are complex laws, regulations and a multitude of other factors that are not necessarily looked at by foreign investors and cause failure. Another reason is that this topic covers issues which are very relevant in todays business environment. It is a topic of interest for many business people and more and more academics around the world due to its unique development: 9% growth of the GDP per year since 1978 and 15% growth of the foreign trade per year (Lau, 2007). There is a belief that China could become the worlds largest economy in 25 years. Aims and objectives The overall aim of the dissertation is to study and critically analyse the foreign direct investment (FDI) environment of China by focusing on market-seeking joint-ventures (JVs) in a specific industry: food and beverage (soft). This study will be carried out using and appraising current academic literature and theories on JVs forming in China. Both secondary and primary research will be used. This critical study will be carried by tempting to achieve the following objectives: Identify the motives and determinants of FDI, focusing on market-seeking joint-ventures (JV) in China Identify the environmental regulations that facilitate or slow JVs down in China Identify the barriers to JVs in China and the main causes of failure Identify the key success factors (KSF) of western companies forming JVs with a Chinese partner and how barriers can be overcome The main focus will be on Western companies, especially French firms in the food and beverage industry. Structure of dissertation The study will be divided in 7 chapters: Chapter 1 is an introduction to the dissertation, explaining the background of the topic, the aims and objectives Chapter 2 is a review of the existing literature: journals, newspaper articles, books and Internet-based sources giving more insight into the topic of setting up an  IJV in China Chapter 3 explains the methodology that has been adopted to research and write the dissertation, including secondary and primary research methods Chapter 4 provides with findings and analysis trying to answer the aims and objectives of the dissertation Chapter 5 is a discussion of the findings Chapter 6 concludes the study and gives some recommendations. The author will in this part develop a model for successful IJV setting up in China Chapter 7 is a reflection on learning Chapter 2: Literature Review The following literature review is based on existing sources coming from a hybrid of academic books, journals, newspapers and credible Internet-based sources. This literature review will allow giving more insight into the topic and will also allow identifying any gaps in the existing literature to be covered in further primary research. The literature review will provide the author with a stronger base on which to develop a theory at the end of the dissertation. 2.1 Chinese investment environment 2.1.1 China, the fastest-growing economy The Chinese investment environment has been widely reported in the literature. Most of the authors agree that the Chinese government has made great achievements in terms of FDI since 1980. Lau Bruton (2007) describe China as the fastest-growing economy which can be explained by greater economic liberalization and easier repartition of profit by foreign investors. Fung (2002) explains that the promotion of FDI by the Chinese government has been an important part of the economic reforms since the open-door policy and made China the most important destination for FDI. The authors explain how China has gradually evolved in terms of FDI policy: Stage 1: Gradual and limited opening Stage 2: Active promoting through preferential treatment Stage 3: Promoting FDI in accordance with domestic industrial objectives Ng Tuan (2002), describe China as a FDI-friendly environment that possesses very attractive environmental factors such as the size of the Chinese market, its potential to growà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Argawal Wu (2003) describe China as a key player in the global economy and that its high economic growth has transformed China into one of the worlds largest economy. The transition from a command economy to a market-based economy has been incredibly and remarkably successful. Another factor that made China even more successful in terms of FDI is its entry to the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Fung (2002), Ng Tuan (2002), Yin (2009), Hoa (2010) and many other authors agree to say that China has had many difficulties to become a member of the WTO. After 15 years of high improvements, by reforming its economy and trade to be more market-oriented, by reducing tariffs and non-tariffs barriersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦China finally accessed the WTO in 2001. This accession gave remarkable benefits to China, who was promoted by the organization as a central stage in international trade. The Chinese battle to enter the WTO is described as an example that other nations (eg Russia), could learn from in order to access this organization. 2.1.2 Problems More and more authors in the literature insist on the difficulties to enter China. Being the fastest-growing economy does not mean that any MNE can enter the market easily and without any risk of failure. In front of all the attractive sides of the Chinese investment environment, and after its accession to the WTO that gave trust to foreign investors, many western MNEs (eg: Pepsi) have rushed into entering China and have faced insurmountable problems such as corruption, absence of trust and transparencyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Yallapragada, 2003). Zhang Fu (2008) describe China as a stringent environment that can have a negative impact on FDI. They remind us that even if China is the first recipient of FDI, there is a high disparity in geographical distribution. It is important to determine which region the foreign company is to invest. Indeed, the remarkable economic development of China has developed major problems such as extreme pollution. Because of the environment deterioration caused by FDI in certain regions, the government has put in place very strict laws that foreign investors are not necessarily aware of before setting up their business in China. While many countries in the world are facing an economic downturn, Chinas economy is still expecting to grow by 11% in 2010. However, Tse (2010) explains that despite this fact, the Chinese market is really tough. He explains how the recent clash of Google and the Chinese government; the vulnerability of property rights; the remaining restrictions on foreign ownershipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ are good reasons that CEOs should take into account before deciding if entering China is a risk worth taking. The authors explain that the decision to physically enter China must be taken really carefully; a lot of research must be followed and more importantly companies must be ready to compromise and comply with Chinese laws. 2.2 Joint-ventures in China 2.2.1 Definition of a JV There is no legal definition of a JV in the literature. A JV is commonly defined as a partnership between two or more companies who create a legal entity to undertake economic activities. In this dissertation, the author focuses on international JV that necessarily includes two or more parties from different countries. Hollensen (2007) defines a JV as an equity partnership typically between two partners. It involves two parents creating a child acting in the market (Hollensen: 339). Figure 2: Equity Non-equity JVs by Hollensen (2007) A non-equity JV is defined by Hollensen as a strategic alliance between partners who do not commit equity or invest into the alliance. It is also called Contractual JV and does not involve the creation of a third entity. This form of JV will not be taken into account in this dissertation. Fung (2002) mentions that CJV were the vehicle of choice in the early opening of the Chinese market as it lowers the risks for the foreign partners. An EJV is a third entity formed by firm A and B. Both firms contribute equity to firm C. This form of JV allows international marketers to access complementary skills and resources, share risks and costs (Clarke Wilson, 2009). According to Hollensen (2007), the JV can be: resource-seeking and based on upstream collaboration (RD and production) market-seeking and based on downstream collaboration (marketing, distribution, sales, service) Both upstream and downstream-based collaboration 2.2.2 JVs in China It is widely reported in the literature that JV has been, from the opening of the Chinese market, a vehicle of choice. Yallapragada et al (2003) define JV in China as a sort of arranged marriage as the government provides a Chinese partner to the foreign investor. The authors mention that most of the JV failed and sustained huge losses or just abandoned the project because of the lack of understanding of the Chinese partner. EJV became increasingly important from 1987, representing more than 60% of all FDI. This tendency is now decreasing as the government encourages FDI in the form of wholly foreign-owned enterprises (Fung, 2002). The literature insists on the cultural differences leading to failure when forming a JV in China. However, there are many other factors to consider, the main important one being the law. The JV laws and regulation are different in China and in Western countries. Indeed, if we take the example of Europe, the regulations are different from a country to another: in France, a JV exists if a new juridical personality is created, has means and capital. In Anglo-Saxon law, a new created entity does not necessarily have juridical personality but is however considered a JV (ChinaOrbit.com). The country of origin of the foreign partner is an important determinant of success or failure of a Sino-foreign JV (Osborn Hagedoorn, 1997; Lin, 2004). Several case studies in the literature give example of the importance of country of origin as a determinant of IJV success in China. Those studies will be used as examples by the author to answer objectives 3 and 4 of the dissertation. The case studies include giants in the FB industry: Coca-Cola (Datamonitor, 2009; Mok, 2002), Pepsi-co (Yallapragada, 2003), Danone-Wahaha (Dickinson, 2009), Carrefour (Child, 2006). 2.3 Doing business with China 2.3.1 The cultural gap The unique culture of China is widely reported in the literature as being the main cause of failure for Sino-foreign JVs. It is really important to understand the Chinese culture before investing in China (Stark et al, 2005). Chinese business people are described as being extremely tough negotiators. Some authors in the literature think that negotiating is an art for Chinese business people (Pye, 1982; Lee Lo, 1988; Graham et al 1994). China has a really unique view of the world and if the foreign partner is ignorant of the other parties views of the world, it will create a major problem in the negotiation process (Stark, 2005). For example, Tuttle et al (2009) explain that business in China is more to serve the interest of the state rather than the owners of the business. Mc Kenna Sun (2007); Woo (1999); Herbig Martin (1998); Trombly (2006) and many other authors explain different aspect of Chinese negotiation such as the issues for women to participate in negotiations, the saving-face concept of China, the attitude to adopt when negotiating business (eg: building trust as a first step)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The authors are only describing the Chinese way of doing business. In the framework of this dissertation those information can be used as tips for foreign investors willing to invest in China. Katz (2006), founder of Leadership Crossroads has had a successful experience in productive cooperation across cultures. He has interacted in China with employees, customers, outsourcing partnersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Katz describes in his book the best ways to negotiate international business with China. His study is based on his experience but also on the work of Trompenaar (1997) who divided culture into seven dimensions (Appendix 1). Once again the author describes the unique Chinese culture and the best ways to approach it in a business environment. Using both authors theories together with Hofestede cultural differences, the author will consider wether western culture, especially French culture give the firms an advantage in dealing with the Chinese as many studies shows that cultural misunderstanding causes major problems in IJVs. 2.3.2 GUANXI In the literature, some authors insist on the Guanxi concept when establishing business relationship with China. Zhu Zhang (2007), define Guanxi as the need to establish a relationship either with someone or something (e.g a brand-name). Guanxi mainly is a relationship building and according to the authors, it takes into account several notions: Jianli ganqing: developing connection between people Jiao pengyou: making friends Yanxuing touzi xingwei: continual investment behaviour Chinese business leaders such as Mr. Chang and Mr. Cao, CEOs of telecommunications companies based in Zhengzhou and Xian indicate that the action word for developing Guanxi is Jianli meaning establishing the connection with people but not forcing it by dishonest means. For some Chinese business people, Guanxi is an essential element when doing business in China and is strongly related to the Confucian tradition and collectivist culture (Xin Pearce, 1996). However, other authors in the literature have reported that even if Guanxi has long been the best approach to successfully set up an IJV in China the effect of Guanxi are not only positive. Rahman (2008) explain the risks that exist when establishing a Sino-foreign IJV based on Guanxi (high performance, resource and trade-off risks). The author reminds that Guanxi is necessary when collaborating with a Chinese partner but not sufficient. When a Western company chooses a local Chinese partner according to the size of its Guanxi, it will be beneficial for the companys short term goal of market entry, but its long term goal of succeeding in the IJV will encounter problems. Gu et al (2008) define Guanxi as the durable social connections and networks a firm uses to exchange favors for organisational purposes. The authors draw the benefits and risks of Guanxi and show that Guanxi can be necessary but does not always matter. Even if personal networks are popular all over the world, the authors insist on the uniqueness of China who has distinct ways of operation. 2.4 Critical literature conclusion The literature widely mentions that JV in China fails because of the huge cultural differences between China and the western partner. However, there is a gap in the literature as there are many other aspects that can cause failure and that are not deeply taken into account in the literature: law, bureaucratic roadblocks, corruption, management controlà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The literature tends to concentrate on Sino-American/ Japanese/ British JVs, there is a lack of information about Sino-French JV and the primary research of this dissertation will mainly aim at filling this gap by focusing on the food beverage sector which is not widely reported in the literature. Moreover, the literature describes that ignorance of the other parties culture, regulations, the non-establishment of Guanxià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ are main causes of failure but fails to explain how a two-way dialogue can be established between Chinese and Western leaders to make the JV successful. The dissertation will also point-out what makes cross-cultural relationship successful as it is not clear in the literature. Chapter 3: Methodology 3.1 Data requirements To recap, the overall aim of the study is to acquire a better understanding of the Chinese business environment for a Western company to successfully set a JV up with a Chinese partner. After examining the literature review, the author has identified key research questions that will be answered in chapter 4 of the dissertation to meet the objectives stated in chapter 1: What makes a western MNE chose to deal with a Chinese partner to set up a JV in China? What factor is the most determinant: political, economic, demographic, labour (cost, productivity, education level), ease of access (market, suppliers) etc? What western investors should be aware of before setting up a JV in China in terms of legislation and regulation? Will the JV be private or state owned? What are the positive factors of setting up a JV in China (law, regulation, policies)? What are the negative factors that investors must be aware of to be best prepared? Why culture seem to be the main cause of JV failure? What western investors must know about the Chinese business culture? Does Guanxi always matter? How to overcome the cultural differences and set-up a two-way dialogue? What were the main causes of failure and KSF of Sino-French JVs? What contribution is put by each party in the JV? How each party value the JV? Is it more beneficial for the French firm to own more than the Chinese partner? To answer those questions, the author will analyse the existing academic literature, including articles and case studies that will be used to provide issues and/or solutions that exists in the food and beverage industry. Case studies such as PepsiCo, Coca-Cola, Carrefour, etc. will be analysed. To feel the gap in the literature, the author will also implement real world researches to have an in-depth understanding of the Chinese culture and also, to have a better understanding of Sino-French business relationships as it is not widely reported in the literature. By this mean, the author will be able to collect major primary data provided by experts that have experience in doing business with China. 3.2 Research Design 3.2.1 Review of the fundamental research methodologies 3.2.1.a: Exploratory, causal and descriptive research Wrenn et al (2007) states that there are three main categories of research design: exploratory, causal and descriptive, the can use both qualitative and quantitative methods. An exploratory research design is used to gain more insight and understanding into a topic. It is described by some authors as a detective work when the author as to look for clues to find out what happened or is currently taking place. It required the author to adopt a very flexible attitude to collecting information. Wrenn et al (2007: 34) state that an insatiable curiosity is a valuable trait for exploratory researchers. This type of research is needed when the author has an objective of depth interviews, one of the best ways to acquire desired insight, clarificationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Exploratory research is a type of qualitative research. A Causal research design is used when there is a need to determine whether two or more variables are causaly related and to what extent. When using causal research, the researcher manipulates the independent variable, measure the dependant variable and control other variables that could have an impact on the dependant variable. This type of research requires the use of quantitative research methods such as statistics (Chi-square analysis, correlation, regression testsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). A descriptive research design seeks to describe a phenomenon. It is used when the researcher has an objective of describing the characteristics of a specific group, estimate the percentage of the population that act, thinkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the same way, make specific predictions (Wrenn et al, 2007). Descriptive research is the most rigid research design and needs to be very structured. This type of research implicates that the author already have a major knowledge of the topic or research. Descriptive research uses quantitative research methods. 3.2.1.b Qualitative v. Quantitative Qualitative research is defined by Schimdt Hollensen (2006) as an investigation to help understanding and answering questions by collecting evidences. This type of research method allows conducting exploratory researches and requires the use of: Observations: observing and analysing behaviours in their usual contexts Focus groups: group discussion to collect effective data about a group of individuals having the same cultural norms In-Depth interviews: usually individual face-to-face interview to understand what is in a specific persons mind about a specific topic Qualitative research allows the researcher to collect open-ended data and develop themes from the data collected. Quantitative research can be both descriptive and causal. Aliaga Gunderson (2002: 1) define quantitative research as explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analysed using mathematically based methods (in particular statistics). Because quantitative research involves numbers, statistics it is seen as a more realist research method. Quantitative methods are good at looking at cause and effect relationships between two or more variables. The majority of researchers talk about paradigm war when it comes to differentiate qualitative and quantitative methods. They are seen as incompatible (Muijs, 2004). However, more and more commonly, researchers use mixed-method approach. It is a more pragmatic way to collect data, using both quantitative and qualitative research methods. In order for a mixed-method approach to be efficient, the researcher needs to consider all the relevant characteristics of both quantitative and qualitative methods. Table 1: Comparison of quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE MIXED METHOD General Framework Aim at confirming a hypothesis about a phenomenon Predetermined Rigid style of categorising responses to questions Structured methods  : questionnaires, structured observfations, surveys. Aim at exploring and understanding a phenomenon Emerging Flexible style of categorising responses to questions Semi-structured methods  : participant observation, depth interviews, focus groups Both exploring and confirming a phenomenon Both predetermined and emerging Both rigid and flexible Both structured and semi structured methods Objectives of type of research Descriptive: To describe and quantify a phenomenon Causal  : to predict causal relationships To describe the characteristics of a population Explanatory  : To explain a phenomenon Exploratory  : to describe and explain relationships To report individual experiences To both quantify and describe a phenomenon To both causal and exploratory To both describe a population and an individual Question type Closed-ended Open-ended Both closed and open-ended questions Format of data Numerical data (statistical, assigning values to responses)  : performance, attitude, observational and census data Textual data from interviewees,observations, case studies analysis, video/audio tapes Multiple form of data drawing on all possibilities  : Statistical and text analysis Flexibility of each methods The response of participants does not influence which question is to be asked next The design of the study remains stable Subject to statistical assumptions and conditions The response of participants influences which research question to ask next Some aspects of the study are flexible  : wording (addition or exclusion) of a particualar interview Data collection and research questions are adjusted according to what is learnt Can be both flexible and rigid Table 1 has been realised following two authors theories: Creswell (2003) and Bernard (1995). According to them, it is useful to first consider qualitative and quantitative possibilities for data collection before selecting one, to which the dissertations author has added mixed-method approach. 3.2.2 Choice of research method and justification Desk research has first been used to collect information that already exists in the literature. This information was both internal and external to organizations and help having an in-depth understanding of the subject. Primary research has then been used to fill the gap that secondary research cannot fill. Quantitative methods have not been used as the author wants to explore the topic in depth. According to Muijs (2004), quantitative methods fail when an in depth understanding is needed, when the author wants to really get under the skin of a problem. Moreover, quantitative methods require the author to define the variables to be studied whereas in the authors topic area, unexpected variables can emerge. The author chose to use qualitative research only. Indeed, the dissertation topic requires to specifically knowing what is going on in peoples mind, what are their views and opinion about doing business in China. More specifically, exploratory research has been used as the author needs to gain broad inside into the dissertation topic and achieve a better feeling when investigating. According to Schimdt Hollensen (2006), the most used qualitative research method is focus-group. However, the author chose to make use of individual depth interviews as current information is needed by directly asking questions to specific persons. Depth interviews allow the respondent to openly talk about his/her experience of doing business with a Chinese partner. Depth Interviews can be: Non-directive: the respondent is given freedom to answer by staying within the bounds of the topic Semi-structured: a specific list of topics is covered. The author is looking to establish the meaning of Sino-western/French business relationships from the views of experts. Indeed, in order to understand those relationships better as the literature fails to explain it in depth, the author seeks to listen to different individuals who have experience in the topic area and build an understanding based on their ideas. 3. 3 Research Approach Conclusion Recommendation Diagram 1 shows the plan followed by the author. In stage 1, the author research academic literature in accordance with the topic and develop research questions. Stage 2 is an in-depth analysis of the existing literature to help answering the research questions developed in stage 1. Stage 3 is what the author called real world analysis. This stage will allow the author to collect primary data to fill the gap of secondary research and bring a creative thinking input to the dissertation. Stage 4 consists of an analysis of the theoretical findings and real world findings. By combining both secondary and primary research, the author will be able to answer the research questions and to meet the dissertations objectives. Those findings will then be discussed and the author will conclude by providing western investor with recommendation by drawing a model including all the variables to take into account to successfully set a JV up in China. 3.4 Data collection methods and analysis As mentioned above, the author chose to use exploratory qualitative research only. In exploratory research, the main methods of data collection that is potentially suitable for collecting data are observations, focus groups and depth interviews. Observation is used to understand a phenomenon by observing it in its natural setting. The topic area does not belong to a phenomenon that can be observed by the author. Focus group involves a group of persons that discuss a subject under the direction of a moderator. The author is willing to distinguish individuals as opposed to groups and have the opinion of individuals. The author has selected in-depth interviews as the only method for data collection. As mentioned earlier, this method involves conducting intensive individual interviews with a small number of persons. The reason is that the author wants detailed information about doing business with a Chinese partner, the different stages in the JV forming, the advantages, difficultiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Acquiring detailed information about a specific persons opinion, behaviour, will allow the author to explore new issues in-depth. The sample is divided in two categories and includes: Individuals having experience in doing business with China: executives from French MNEs having formed IJVs in China, Juniors working in China for a French company. Chinese business people. The author has divided the s